Diet, Nutrition, and Bone Health

Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. For the purposes of clinical diagnosis, a working party of the World Health Organization has redefined osteoporosis according to bone mass, at least for women. Their diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis, based on bone mineral content (BMC) or bone mineral density (BMD), include: normal, within 1 SD of the young adult reference mean for the population; osteopenia, between −1 and −2.5 SD of the young adult mean; osteoporosis more than −2.5 SD below the young adult mean; and established osteoporosis as the same mass definition but associated with a fragility fracture. Fragility fractures are the hallmark of osteoporosis and are particularly common in the spine, hip, and distal forearm, although they can occur throughout the skeleton.

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